Pa Marichi 15, njira yoyendetsera malire a kaboni (CBAM, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti EU carbon tariff) idavomerezedwa ndi EU Council.Ikukonzekera kukhazikitsidwa mwalamulo kuyambira Januware 1, 2023, ndikukhazikitsa zaka zitatu zosinthira.Patsiku lomwelo, pamsonkhano wa komiti ya zachuma ndi zachuma (Ecofin) ya European Council, nduna za zachuma za mayiko 27 a EU adalandira ndondomeko ya carbon tariff ya France, utsogoleri wozungulira wa European Council.Izi zikutanthauza kuti Mayiko Amembala a EU amathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko ya carbon tariff.Monga lingaliro loyamba lapadziko lonse lothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo monga mitengo ya carbon tariff, njira yoyendetsera malire a kaboni idzakhudza kwambiri malonda a Padziko Lonse.Zikuyembekezeka kuti mu Julayi chaka chino, mtengo wa kaboni wa EU ulowa pagawo lachitatu la zokambirana pakati pa European Commission, European Council ndi European Parliament.Ngati zikuyenda bwino, malemba omaliza alamulo adzalandiridwa.
Lingaliro la "carbon tariff" silinayambe lakhazikitsidwa pamlingo waukulu kuyambira pomwe linakhazikitsidwa m'ma 1990.Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti mtengo wa carbon tariff wa EU ukhoza kukhala mtengo wapadera wogulira chilolezo cha EU kapena msonkho wapakhomo womwe umaperekedwa pa carbon zomwe zimachokera kunja, zomwe ndi imodzi mwa makiyi a chipambano cha zatsopano zobiriwira za EU. malonda.Malinga ndi zofunikira za EU za carbon tariff, idzapereka msonkho pazitsulo, simenti, aluminiyamu ndi feteleza wa mankhwala omwe amatumizidwa kuchokera kumayiko ndi zigawo zomwe zili ndi malamulo oletsa kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon.Nthawi yosinthira makinawa ndi kuyambira 2023 mpaka 2025. Panthawi yosinthira, palibe chifukwa cholipira ndalama zofananira, koma olowa kunja akuyenera kupereka ziphaso za kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja, kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni ndi kutulutsa kosalunjika, komanso chindapusa chokhudzana ndi kutulutsa kaboni. zopangidwa m'dziko lochokera.Pambuyo pa kutha kwa nthawi ya kusintha, obwera kunja azilipira ndalama zoyenera kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni wa zinthu zomwe zabwera kuchokera kunja.Pakadali pano, EU idafuna kuti mabizinesi aziwunika, kuwerengera ndikuwonetsa okha mtengo wazinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mpweya.Kodi kukhazikitsidwa kwa EU carbon tariff kukhala ndi zotsatira zotani?Ndi mavuto ati omwe akukumana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitengo ya kaboni ya EU?Pepala ili lisanthula izi mwachidule.
Tithandizira kukonza msika wa carbon
Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitengo yamisonkho yosiyanasiyana, kusonkhanitsa mitengo ya carbon ya EU kudzachepetsa malonda onse aku China ndi Europe ndi 10% ~ 20%.Malinga ndi kuneneratu kwa European Commission, mitengo ya carbon idzabweretsa ma euro 4 biliyoni ku 15 biliyoni ya "ndalama zowonjezera" ku EU chaka chilichonse, ndipo idzawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi chaka mu nthawi inayake.EU idzayang'ana kwambiri pamitengo ya aluminiyamu, feteleza wamankhwala, chitsulo ndi magetsi.Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti EU "idzataya" mitengo ya carbon ku mayiko ena kudzera m'mabungwe, kuti athe kukhudza kwambiri malonda a China.
Mu 2021, China idatumiza zitsulo kumayiko 27 a EU ndipo UK idakwana matani 3.184 miliyoni, kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi 52.4%.Malinga ndi mtengo wa 50 euros / tani pamsika wa kaboni mu 2021, EU idzaika mtengo wa kaboni wa 159.2 miliyoni mayuro pazinthu zachitsulo zaku China.Izi zichepetsanso mwayi wamtengo wazinthu zazitsulo zaku China zomwe zimatumizidwa ku EU.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, idzalimbikitsanso makampani azitsulo ku China kuti apititse patsogolo mayendedwe a decarbonization ndikufulumizitsa chitukuko cha msika wa carbon.Potengera zomwe zikufunika pazochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kufunikira kwenikweni kwa mabizinesi aku China kuti ayankhe mwachangu njira yoyendetsera malire a kaboni a EU, kukakamiza komanga msika wa kaboni waku China kukukulirakulira.Ndi nkhani yomwe iyenera kuganiziridwa mozama kuti ilimbikitse makampani achitsulo ndi zitsulo ndi mafakitale ena kuti alowe nawo mu malonda a carbon emission.Mwa kufulumizitsa ntchito yomanga ndi kukonza msika wa kaboni, kuchepetsa mitengo yamitengo yomwe mabizinesi aku China ayenera kulipira potumiza zinthu ku msika wa EU kungapewenso misonkho iwiri.
Limbikitsani kukula kwa kufunikira kwa mphamvu zobiriwira
Malinga ndi lingaliro lomwe langotengedwa kumene, mtengo wa kaboni wa EU umangozindikira mtengo wa kaboni, womwe ungalimbikitse kwambiri kukula kwa kufunikira kwa mphamvu zobiriwira ku China.Pakali pano, sizikudziwika ngati EU ikuzindikira China National certified emission reduction (CCER).Ngati msika wa kaboni wa EU suzindikira CCER, choyamba, ukhumudwitsa mabizinesi aku China omwe akufuna kutumiza kunja kuti agule CCER kuti athetse magawo, chachiwiri, zipangitsa kuchepa kwa magawo a kaboni komanso kukwera kwamitengo ya kaboni, ndipo chachitatu, zokonda kutumiza kunja. mabizinesi adzakhala ofunitsitsa kupeza njira zochepetsera zotsika mtengo zomwe zitha kudzaza kusiyana kwa magawo.Kutengera njira yopititsira patsogolo mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pansi pa njira yaku China ya "double carbon", kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi obiriwira kwakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yamabizinesi kuthana ndi mitengo ya kaboni ya EU.Ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa kufunikira kwa ogula, izi sizingothandiza kukweza mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, komanso kulimbikitsa mabizinesi kuti agwiritse ntchito ndalama zowonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi.
Limbikitsani chiphaso cha zinthu zokhala ndi mpweya wochepa komanso zero zero
Pakadali pano, ArcelorMittal, kampani yachitsulo yaku Europe, yakhazikitsa ziro zero carbon steel certification kudzera mu pulani ya xcarbtm, ThyssenKrupp yakhazikitsa blueminttm, mtundu wachitsulo wotulutsa mpweya wochepa kwambiri, Nucor steel, bizinesi yachitsulo yaku America, yati ziro carbon steel econiqtm, ndi Schnitzer. chitsulo nayenso akufuna GRN steeltm, bala ndi waya chuma.Pansi pa maziko a imathandizira kukwaniritsidwa kwa carbon neutralization mu dziko, China chitsulo ndi zitsulo mabizinezi Baowu, Hegang, Anshan Chitsulo ndi zitsulo, Jianlong, etc. motsatizana anapereka mpweya neutralization roadmap, kuyendera limodzi ndi mabizinezi patsogolo dziko mu kafukufuku wa njira zothetsera ukadaulo, ndikuyesetsa kupitilira.
Kukhazikitsa kwenikweni kumakumanabe ndi zopinga zambiri
Palinso zopinga zambiri pakukhazikitsa kwenikweni kwa EU carbon tariff, ndipo dongosolo laulere la carbon quota lidzakhala chimodzi mwazolepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa carbon tariff.Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2019, opitilira theka la mabizinesi ochita malonda a kaboni ku EU akadali akusangalala ndi magawo a carbon aulere.Izi zisokoneza mpikisano ndipo sizikugwirizana ndi dongosolo la EU lokwaniritsa kusalowerera ndale kwa carbon pofika 2050.
Kuphatikiza apo, EU ikuyembekeza kuti pokhazikitsa mitengo ya kaboni yokhala ndi mitengo yofananira ya kaboni yamkati pazinthu zomwe zimatumizidwa kunja, iyesetsa kuti igwirizane ndi malamulo a bungwe lazamalonda padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka Article 1 (mankhwala okondedwa kwambiri) ndi Article 3 ( mfundo yosagwirizana ndi zinthu zofananira) za mgwirizano wapagulu pa Misonkho ndi malonda (GATT).
Makampani achitsulo ndi zitsulo ndi makampani omwe ali ndi mpweya waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Pa nthawi yomweyo, chitsulo ndi zitsulo makampani ali ndi unyolo wautali mafakitale ndi chikoka lonse.Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zamitengo ya kaboni m'makampaniwa kukukumana ndi zovuta zazikulu.Lingaliro la EU la "kukula kobiriwira ndi kusintha kwa digito" ndikulimbikitsanso kupikisana kwamakampani azikhalidwe monga mafakitale azitsulo.Mu 2021, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za EU zinali matani 152.5 miliyoni, ndipo ku Europe konse kunali matani 203.7 miliyoni, ndi chaka ndi chaka chiwonjezeko cha 13.7%, chomwe chinali 10,4% ya zitsulo zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi.Zitha kuganiziridwa kuti ndondomeko ya carbon tariff ya EU ikuyeseranso kukhazikitsa njira yatsopano yamalonda, kupanga malamulo atsopano a malonda okhudzana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale, ndikuyesetsa kuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo la bungwe la zamalonda padziko lonse kuti likhale lopindulitsa ku EU. .
Kwenikweni, mtengo wa kaboni ndi chotchinga chatsopano chamalonda, chomwe cholinga chake ndi kuteteza chilungamo cha EU komanso msika wazitsulo waku Europe.Pali nthawi yosinthira zaka zitatu kuti mtengo wa kaboni wa EU uyambe kukhazikitsidwa.Nthawi idakalipo yoti mayiko ndi mabizinesi apange njira zotsutsana nazo.Mphamvu yomangirira ya malamulo apadziko lonse okhudza kutulutsa mpweya wa kaboni idzangowonjezereka kapena kusachepera.China chitsulo ndi zitsulo makampani adzakhala nawo mokangalika ndi pang'onopang'ono adziwe ufulu kulankhula ndi ndondomeko yaitali chitukuko.Kwa mabizinesi achitsulo ndi zitsulo, njira yothandiza kwambiri ikadali kutenga msewu wa chitukuko chobiriwira komanso chochepa cha kaboni, kuthana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa chitukuko ndi kuchepetsa umuna, kufulumizitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu zakale ndi zatsopano za kinetic, kukulitsa mphamvu zatsopano, kufulumizitsa. chitukuko chaukadaulo wobiriwira ndikukweza mpikisano wamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi.