Mu 2019, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chitsulo chosaphikidwa padziko lonse lapansi kunali matani 1.89 biliyoni, pomwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chitsulo chosaphikidwa ku China kunali matani 950 miliyoni, zomwe zikutanthauza 50% ya zonse padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2019, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chitsulo chosaphikidwa ku China kunafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chitsulo chosaphikidwa pa munthu aliyense kunafika pa 659 kg. Kuchokera ku zomwe mayiko otukuka ku Europe ndi United States adakumana nazo pakukula, pamene kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chitsulo chosaphikidwa pa munthu aliyense kufika pa 500 kg, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudzachepa. Chifukwa chake, zitha kunenedweratu kuti kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chitsulo ku China kwafika pachimake, kudzalowa munthawi yokhazikika, ndipo pomaliza pake kufunikira kudzachepa. Mu 2020, kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kutulutsa kwa chitsulo chosaphikidwa padziko lonse lapansi kunali matani 1.89 biliyoni ndi matani 1.88 biliyoni motsatana. Chitsulo chosapangidwa ndi chitsulo monga zinthu zazikulu zopangira chinali matani pafupifupi 1.31 biliyoni, chomwe chinkadya matani pafupifupi 2.33 biliyoni a chitsulo, chomwe chinali chotsika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi zomwe zinapangidwa ndi matani 2.4 biliyoni a chitsulo chaka chomwecho.
Pofufuza momwe chitsulo chosaphikidwa chimagwirira ntchito komanso momwe chitsulo chomalizidwa chimagwiritsidwira ntchito, kufunika kwa chitsulo pamsika kungawonekere. Pofuna kuthandiza owerenga kumvetsetsa bwino ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa zitatuzi, pepalali likufotokoza mwachidule zinthu zitatu izi: kutulutsa chitsulo chosaphikidwa padziko lonse lapansi, momwe chimagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso momwe chimagwirira ntchito mitengo ya chitsulo chosaphikidwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Zotulutsa zachitsulo zosapsa padziko lonse lapansi
Mu 2020, chuma cha padziko lonse lapansi chinali matani 1.88 biliyoni. Chuma cha dziko lonse lapansi chinapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosaphikidwa ku China, India, Japan, United States, Russia ndi South Korea, chomwe chinali 56.7%, 5.3%, 4.4%, 3.9%, 3.8% ndi 3.6% ya chuma chonse cha dziko lapansi motsatana, ndipo chuma chonse cha dziko lonse lapansi chinapangidwa ndi 77.5% ya chuma chonse cha dziko lapansi. Mu 2020, chuma cha dziko lonse lapansi chinapangidwa ndi 30.8% chaka ndi chaka.
Kuchuluka kwa chitsulo chosaphikidwa ku China mu 2020 ndi matani 1.065 biliyoni. Pambuyo pochulukitsa matani 100 miliyoni koyamba mu 1996, kuchuluka kwa chitsulo chosaphikidwa ku China kunafika matani 490 miliyoni mu 2007, kuchulukitsa kanayi m'zaka 12, ndi kuchuluka kwapakati pa kukula kwa pachaka kwa 14.2%. Kuyambira 2001 mpaka 2007, kuchuluka kwa kukula kwa pachaka kunafika 21.1%, kufika 27.2% (2004). Pambuyo pa 2007, chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma, zoletsa zopangira ndi zina, kukula kwa kupanga chitsulo chosaphikidwa ku China kunachepa, ndipo kunawonetsa kukula koyipa mu 2015. Chifukwa chake, zitha kuwoneka kuti gawo lachangu la chitukuko cha chitsulo ndi chitsulo ku China ladutsa, kukula kwa zotulutsa mtsogolo kuli kochepa, ndipo pamapeto pake padzakhala kukula koyipa.
Kuyambira mu 2010 mpaka 2020, kuchuluka kwa chuma cha India chomwe chimapanga chitsulo chosaphikidwa chinali chachiwiri kwa China, ndi kuchuluka kwa pachaka kwa 3.8%; Kuchuluka kwa chuma cha chitsulo chosaphikidwa kunapitirira matani 100 miliyoni kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 2017, kukhala dziko lachisanu lomwe limapanga chitsulo chosaphikidwa choposa matani 100 miliyoni m'mbiri, ndipo linapitirira Japan mu 2018, kukhala lachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Dziko la United States ndi dziko loyamba kupanga matani 100 miliyoni a chitsulo chosakanizidwa pachaka (matani opitilira 100 miliyoni a chitsulo chosakanizidwa adapezeka koyamba mu 1953), kufika pa matani 137 miliyoni mu 1973, kukhala woyamba padziko lonse lapansi pankhani ya kupanga chitsulo chosakanizidwa kuyambira 1950 mpaka 1972. Komabe, kuyambira 1982, kupanga chitsulo chosakanizidwa ku United States kwachepa, ndipo kupanga chitsulo chosakanizidwa mu 2020 ndi matani 72.7 miliyoni okha.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosaphika padziko lonse lapansi
Mu 2019, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chitsulo chosaphika padziko lonse lapansi kunali matani 1.89 biliyoni. Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosaphika ku China, India, United States, Japan, South Korea ndi Russia kunali 50%, 5.8%, 5.7%, 3.7%, 2.9% ndi 2.5% ya chiwerengero chonse cha padziko lonse lapansi motsatana. Mu 2019, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chitsulo chosaphika padziko lonse lapansi kunawonjezeka ndi 52.7% poyerekeza ndi 2009, ndi kuchuluka kwapakati pachaka kwa 4.3%.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosaphikidwa ku China mu 2019 kuli pafupifupi matani 1 biliyoni. Pambuyo pogwiritsa ntchito matani 100 miliyoni koyamba mu 1993, kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosaphikidwa ku China kunafika matani opitilira 200 miliyoni mu 2002, kenako kunalowa munthawi yakukula mwachangu, kufika matani 570 miliyoni mu 2009, kuwonjezeka kwa 179.2% kuposa 2002 ndi kuchuluka kwapakati pachaka kwa 15.8%. Pambuyo pa 2009, chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma komanso kusintha kwachuma, kukula kwa kufunikira kunachepa. Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosaphikidwa ku China kunawonetsa kukula koyipa mu 2014 ndi 2015, ndipo kunabwerera kukukula kwabwino mu 2016, koma kukula kunachepa m'zaka zaposachedwa.
Mu 2019, kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosaphikidwa ku India kunali matani 108.86 miliyoni, kupitirira United States ndikukhala pa nambala yachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mu 2019, kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosaphikidwa ku India kunawonjezeka ndi 69.1% kuposa mu 2009, ndipo kukula kwapakati pachaka kwa 5.4%, kunali koyamba padziko lonse lapansi munthawi yomweyi.
Dziko la United States ndi dziko loyamba padziko lonse lapansi kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapsa kupitirira matani 100 miliyoni, ndipo lili pamwamba padziko lonse lapansi kwa zaka zambiri. Chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma a 2008, kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapsa ku United States kunachepa kwambiri mu 2009, pafupifupi 1/3 poyerekeza ndi mu 2008, matani 69.4 miliyoni okha. Kuyambira mu 1993, kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapsa ku United States kwakhala kochepera matani 100 miliyoni okha mu 2009 ndi 2010.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosakonzedwa padziko lonse lapansi pa munthu aliyense
Mu 2019, anthu padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosaphika pa munthu aliyense anali 245 kg. Anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosaphika pa munthu aliyense anali South Korea (1082 kg pa munthu aliyense). Mayiko ena akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosaphika pa munthu aliyense anali China (659 kg pa munthu aliyense), Japan (550 kg pa munthu aliyense), Germany (443 kg pa munthu aliyense), Turkey (332 kg pa munthu aliyense), Russia (322 kg pa munthu aliyense) ndi United States (265 kg pa munthu aliyense).
Kupanga mafakitale ndi njira yomwe anthu amasintha zachilengedwe kukhala chuma cha anthu. Chuma cha anthu chikafika pamlingo winawake ndipo kupanga mafakitale kukafika nthawi yokhwima, kusintha kwakukulu kudzachitika mu kapangidwe ka zachuma, kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zosaphika ndi zinthu zofunika zamchere kudzayamba kuchepa, ndipo liwiro la kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu lidzachepanso. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zitsulo zosaphika pa munthu aliyense ku United States kunakhalabe pamlingo wapamwamba m'zaka za m'ma 1970, kufika pa 711 kg (1973). Kuyambira pamenepo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zitsulo zosaphika pa munthu aliyense ku United States kunayamba kuchepa, ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kuyambira m'ma 1980 mpaka m'ma 1990. Zinatsika pansi (226kg) mu 2009 ndipo pang'onopang'ono zinawonjezeka kufika pa 330kg mpaka 2019.
Mu 2020, chiwerengero chonse cha anthu ku India, South America ndi Africa chidzakhala 1.37 biliyoni, 650 miliyoni ndi 1.29 biliyoni motsatana, zomwe zidzakhala malo ofunikira kwambiri pakufunikira kwa chitsulo mtsogolo, koma zidzadalira chitukuko cha zachuma cha mayiko osiyanasiyana panthawiyo.
Njira yapadziko lonse yogulira mitengo ya chitsulo
Njira yogulira zitsulo padziko lonse lapansi imaphatikizapo mitengo yogwirizanitsa nthawi yayitali komanso mitengo yoyerekeza. Mitengo yogwirizanitsa nthawi yayitali inali njira yofunika kwambiri yogulira zitsulo padziko lonse lapansi. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndichakuti mbali zoperekera ndi kufunikira kwa zitsulo zachitsulo zimatseka kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zaperekedwa kapena kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zagulidwa kudzera mu mapangano a nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri nthawi imeneyi imakhala zaka 5-10, kapena zaka 20-30, koma mtengo wake sunakhazikike. Kuyambira m'ma 1980, muyezo wa mitengo ya njira yogwirizanitsa nthawi yayitali wasintha kuchoka pamtengo woyambirira wa FOB kupita ku mtengo wotchuka komanso katundu wapanyanja.
Chizolowezi cha mitengo cha mgwirizano wa nthawi yayitali ndichakuti chaka chilichonse chachuma, ogulitsa zitsulo zazikulu padziko lonse lapansi amakambirana ndi makasitomala awo akuluakulu kuti adziwe mtengo wa zitsulo za chaka chamawa chachuma. Mtengo ukatsimikizika, magulu onse awiri ayenera kuugwiritsa ntchito mkati mwa chaka chimodzi malinga ndi mtengo womwe wagwirizana. Gulu lililonse la ofunsira zitsulo zachitsulo ndi gulu lililonse la ogulitsa zitsulo zachitsulo litagwirizana, zokambiranazo zidzatha, ndipo mtengo wa zitsulo zachitsulo zapadziko lonse lapansi udzamalizidwa kuyambira pamenepo. Njira yokambirana iyi ndi njira ya "kuyamba kutsatira zomwe zikuchitika". Choyimira mitengo ndi FOB. Kuwonjezeka kwa zitsulo zachitsulo zamtundu womwewo padziko lonse lapansi ndi chimodzimodzi, kutanthauza, "FOB, kukwera komweko".
Mtengo wa miyala yachitsulo ku Japan unalamulira msika wa miyala yachitsulo padziko lonse ndi matani 20 mu 1980 ~ 2001. Pambuyo polowa m'zaka za m'ma 2000, makampani achitsulo ndi zitsulo ku China adakula kwambiri ndipo anayamba kukhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu pa kaperekedwe ndi kufunidwa kwa miyala yachitsulo padziko lonse lapansi. Kupanga miyala yachitsulo kunayamba kulephera kukwaniritsa kukula kwachangu kwa mphamvu zopangira zitsulo padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo mitengo ya miyala yachitsulo padziko lonse lapansi inayamba kukwera kwambiri, zomwe zinayambitsa "kuchepa" kwa njira yogulira mitengo ya mgwirizano wa nthawi yayitali.
Mu 2008, BHP, vale ndi Rio Tinto anayamba kufunafuna njira zogulira zinthu zomwe zingathandize pa zofuna zawo. Vale atakambirana za mtengo woyamba, Rio Tinto anamenyera kuti pakhale kukwera kwakukulu kokha, ndipo chitsanzo cha "kutsata koyamba" chinasweka koyamba. Mu 2009, makampani opanga zitsulo ku Japan ndi South Korea atatsimikizira "mtengo woyambira" ndi migodi itatu yayikulu, China sinavomereze kutsika kwa 33%, koma inagwirizana ndi FMG pamtengo wotsika pang'ono. Kuyambira pamenepo, chitsanzo cha "kuyamba kutsatira zomwe zikuchitika" chinatha mwalamulo, ndipo njira yowerengera mitengo inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Pakadali pano, ma index a iron ore omwe atulutsidwa padziko lonse lapansi makamaka akuphatikizapo Platts iodex, TSI index, mbio index ndi China iron ore price index (ciopi). Kuyambira mu 2010, Platts index yasankhidwa ndi BHP, Vale, FMG ndi Rio Tinto ngati maziko a mitengo ya iron ore yapadziko lonse. Mbio index idatulutsidwa ndi British metal healder mu Meyi 2009, kutengera mtengo wa 62% grade iron ore ku Qingdao port, China (CFR). TSI index idatulutsidwa ndi kampani yaku Britain SBB mu Epulo 2006. Pakadali pano, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko a mgwirizano wa kusinthana kwa iron ore pamisika ya Singapore ndi Chicago, ndipo sikhudza msika wamalonda wa iron ore. Iron ore index ya China idatulutsidwa limodzi ndi China Iron and Steel Industry Association, China Minmetals chemical import and Export Chamber of Commerce ndi China Metallurgical and mining enterprises association. Idayikidwa mu kuyesa mu Ogasiti 2011. Chiyerekezo cha mitengo ya chitsulo cha ku China chili ndi ma sub-index awiri: chiyerekezo cha mitengo ya chitsulo cha m'nyumba ndi chiyerekezo cha mitengo ya chitsulo chakunja, zonse kutengera mtengo wa mu Epulo 1994 (ma point 100).
Mu 2011, mtengo wa miyala yachitsulo yochokera kunja ku China unapitirira US $190 pa tani youma, zomwe zinali zokwera kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wapakati pachaka wa chaka chimenecho unali US $162.3 pa tani youma. Pambuyo pake, mtengo wa miyala yachitsulo yochokera kunja ku China unayamba kutsika chaka ndi chaka, kufika pansi mu 2016, ndi mtengo wapakati pachaka wa US $51.4 pa tani youma. Pambuyo pa 2016, mtengo wa miyala yachitsulo yochokera kunja ku China unakweranso pang'onopang'ono. Pofika mu 2021, mtengo wapakati wa zaka zitatu, mtengo wapakati wa zaka 5 ndi mtengo wapakati wa zaka 10 unali 109.1 USD pa tani youma, 93.2 USD pa tani youma ndi 94.6 USD pa tani youma motsatana.